Solutions: Solubility and concentration calculations

 

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. The substance that dissolves in the solvent is known as the solute, and the substance that does the dissolving is known as the solvent.


Solubility


Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. The solubility of a solute in a solvent depends on factors such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent.


Concentration


Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution. There are several ways to express concentration, including molarity, molality, mass percent, mole fraction, and parts per million.


Molarity


Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is denoted by the symbol "M". To calculate the molarity of a solution, we divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters.


Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution (in liters)


Molality


Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is denoted by the symbol "m". To calculate the molality of a solution, we divide the number of moles of solute by the mass of the solvent in kilograms.


Molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent (in kilograms)


Mass Percent


Mass percent is defined as the mass of solute per 100 grams of solution. It is denoted by the symbol "%". To calculate the mass percent of a solution, we divide the mass of solute by the mass of the solution and multiply by 100.


Mass percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%


Mole Fraction


Mole fraction is defined as the number of moles of one component (the solute or solvent) per total number of moles in the solution. It is denoted by the symbol "χ". To calculate the mole fraction of a solution, we divide the number of moles of the component by the total number of moles in the solution.


Mole fraction = moles of component / total moles in solution


Parts per Million


Parts per million (ppm) is defined as the number of parts of solute per million parts of solution. It is denoted by the symbol "ppm". To calculate the parts per million of a solution, we divide the mass of solute by the mass of the solution and multiply by 1,000,000.


Parts per million = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 1,000,000


Example:


What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5 moles of sodium chloride in 2 liters of solution?


Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution (in liters)


Molarity = 5 moles / 2 L = 2.5 M


In conclusion, solubility and concentration calculations are important in chemistry because they allow us to determine the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent, and the amount of solute present in a solution. There are several ways to express concentration, including molarity, molality, mass percent, mole fraction, and parts per million, each with its own advantages depending on the situation.

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